Mahler SV, Moorman DE, Smith RJ, James MH, Aston-Jones G (2014) Motivational activation: a unifying hypothesis of orexin/hypocretin function. Magi S, Piccirillo S, Amoroso S (2019) The dual face of glutamate: from a neurotoxin to a potential survival factor-metabolic implications in health and disease. Li A, Zhang H, Han H, Zhang W, Yang S, Huang Z, Tan J, Yi B (2019) LC3 promotes the nuclear translocation of the vitamin D receptor and decreases fibrogenic gene expression in proximal renal tubules. Kim S, Jo K, Hong KB, Han SH, Suh HJ (2019) GABA and l-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep. Khandelwal P, Yavagal DR, Sacco RL (2016) Acute ischemic stroke intervention. Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, Barsan W, Conwit RA, Elm JJ, Kim AS, Lindblad AS, Palesch YY, Clinical Research Collaboration NETTN, the PI (2018) Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. Jin R, Xiao AY, Chen R, Granger DN, Li G (2017) Inhibition of CD147 (cluster of differentiation 147) ameliorates acute ischemic stroke in mice by reducing thromboinflammation. Jiang Y, Yang S, Tao J, Lin Z, Ye X, You Y, Peng J, Hong Z, Chen L (2016) Opposing needling promotes behavior recovery and exerts neuroprotection via the cAMP/PKA/CREB signal transduction pathway in transient MCAO rats. Jego S, Glasgow SD, Herrera CG, Ekstrand M, Reed SJ, Boyce R, Friedman J, Burdakov D, Adamantidis AR (2013) Optogenetic identification of a rapid eye movement sleep modulatory circuit in the hypothalamus. Huang L, Li Q, Wen R, Yu Z, Li N, Ma L, Feng W (2017) Rho-kinase inhibitor prevents acute injury against transient focal cerebral ischemia by enhancing the expression and function of GABA receptors in rats. Henny P, Brischoux F, Mainville L, Stroh T, Jones BE (2010) Immunohistochemical evidence for synaptic release of glutamate from orexin terminals in the locus coeruleus. Harada S, Yamazaki Y, Tokuyama S (2013) Orexin-A suppresses postischemic glucose intolerance and neuronal damage through hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Gonzalez JA, Iordanidou P, Strom M, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D (2016) Awake dynamics and brain-wide direct inputs of hypothalamic MCH and orexin networks. įlores A, Saravia R, Maldonado R, Berrendero F (2015) Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders. ĭenk H, Stumptner C, Abuja PM, Zatloukal K (2019) Sequestosome 1/p62-related pathways as therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Taken together, ORX and/or MCH protect against ischemic stroke in a rat model, highlighting their value as targets for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.Ĭlark IA, Vissel B (2014) Inflammation-sleep interface in brain disease: TNF, insulin, orexin. ORX or MCH upregulation exerted protective effects on neurological function. ORX or MCH overexpression decreased neuronal apoptosis and autophagy, and improved the sleep architecture of post-stroke rats, while rescuing Glu uptake and GABA expression. Results demonstrated that ORX and MCH were lowly expressed in brain of rats with ischemic stroke. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and TUNEL assays were respectively used to assess the autophagy and neuronal apoptosis. Immunoblotting was performed to test the levels of autophagic markers LC3, BECLIN-1, and p62. ![]() Moreover, electroencephalography (EEG) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were respectively performed to detect rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, the glutamate (Glu) uptake, and the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABA B). The expression patterns of ORX and MCH were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the brain tissues of rats with ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). A rat model of ischemic stroke was developed by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and Longa scoring was employed to evaluate the degree of neurological function deficit. Hence, this study investigated the regulatory function of ORX and MCH in neurological function following ischemic stroke and explored the molecular mechanism underlying these functions. In recent years, orexin (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective roles in cerebral ischemia.
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